An Empirical Study on Novice Programmer’s Behaviors with Analysis of Keystrokes
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents a series of two experiments in which programming behaviors were observed and analyzed when they were programming with pressure and without pressure. There were eleven and twenty-four subjects respectively. In both experiments, the authors used a software tool to record the keystroke frequency, designed criteria to evaluation program quality, and conducted a survey after the experiment. The experiment results show that there is no direct relation between the numbers of keystrokes and programmer’s performance when programmers are working without pressure or with pressure. The first experiment results demonstrate while novice programmers are diverse in terms of programming styles, ones with more experiences tend to control code execution in finer granularity. Source code format can be an indicator of programming performance. The second experiment results demonstrate that programmers with higher performance likely have higher keystroke productivity. Programmers are also more productive under pressure in terms of keystrokes.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it