Implications of exotic <i>Pinus radiata</i> plantations for macrofungal diversity in the Urdaibai Biosphere Reserve (northern Spain)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To analyze the implications of exotic radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) plantations for macrofungal diversity, a comparative mycocoenological survey was conducted over three consecutive years in pine plantations and native oak forests (Quercus robur L.) in the Urdaibai Biosphere Reserve. Macrofungal diversity was analyzed at species and community levels, and multivariate techniques were used to obtain insight into the fungal community in all functional groups. A total of 513 species was recorded, with ectomycorrhizal fungi being the most abundant, followed by the lignicolous saprotrophs. Measurements at both the overall level and the plot level showed that oak forests were richer in macrofungal species than pine plantations. The two ecosystems shared 107 species, but they possessed distinct species assemblages in all functional groups, as confirmed by PERMANOVA analysis. Although more abundant in oak stands, host-specific fungi were recorded in both ecosystems, revealing that exotic pine plantations can easily access fungal inocula from natural pine forests in the vicinity. However, even though the macrofungal richness in plantations is comparable with that in other native conifer forests in Europe, the community was made up of generalists, i.e., species that were not habitat specialists. In contrast, rarely reported, uncommon fungi were recorded in oak plots, revealing the importance of residual, native forest patches for fungal conservation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".