Experimental and computational investigation of the electrocatalytic hydrogenation of phenol in an electrochemical cell
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The electrocatalytic hydrogenation (ECH) of phenol was carried out in aqueous media with a commercial Pd/Al 2 O 3 (5% w/w) catalyst. A porous matrix of reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC) was used to study the porosity stirring speed coupling (PSSC) effect on the phenol hydrogenation to form cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol. In accordance with the PSSC, the electrode can act as a fluidized bed electrode or as an agglomerated electrode. Fluidized bed electrodes develop for low porosity matrices (1030 ppi, ppi = pores per inch) at high stirring speeds (>600 rpm), while agglomerated electrodes are obtained for high porosity matrices (60100 ppi) with moderate stirring speeds under cathodic polarization. The distribution of the volume fraction of the particles and the agglomeration of the particles have been simulated by computational fluid dynamic (CFD) methods with FLUENT software. For the agglomerated electrode, the numerical simulations demonstrate the beneficial contribution of the cathodic polarization to the agglomeration process. However, at 650 rpm, for the fluidized bed electrode, the volume fraction of the particles in the RVC does not account for the distinction in the ECH efficiency between the 30 ppi matrix and the 100 ppi matrix. For a given amount of Pd/Al 2 O 3 catalyst, it is observed that the ECH rates depend on the PSSC and increase in the following order: 100/650 < 30/650 < 100/200. Key words: electrocatalytic hydrogenation (ECH), CFD, fluid mechanics, porous media, powder, porosity stirring speed coupling (PSSC), reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".