Arginosuccinate synthetase, arginosuccinate lyase and NOS in canine gastrointestinal tract: immunocytochemical studies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) requires the substrate L-arginine for NO production to support multiple gastrointestinal functions. We asked, 'Where do enzymes to regenerate L-arginine from L-citrulline exist?'. We examined loci of immunoreactivities in the canine gastrointestinal tract for arginosuccinate synthetase and arginosuccinate lyase, enzymes that resynthesize L-arginine from L-citrulline, in relation to the distribution of nNOS immunoreactivity or NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry. Arginosuccinate synthetase and lyase were present in many neurones and nerve fibres in the myenteric plexus of the lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS), antrum, pylorus, ileum and colon; in the submucosal plexus of ileum and colon; in longitudinal muscle of ileum and colon; and in nerve bundles in circular muscle everywhere. LOS muscle was also immunoreactive for both enzymes. Circular and longitudinal muscle cells of the ileum and colon and cells resembling interstitial cells of Cajal in the deep muscular plexus of the ileum and the submuscular plexus of the colon also appeared immunoreactive. In neurones, arginosuccinate synthetase and nNOS were usually co-localized. NADPH diaphorase activity was present in LOS and likely in pylorus, but not in muscularis externa of ileum or colon. We conclude that resynthesis of L-arginine probably occurs in enteric nerves, interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) and LOS muscle; also apparently in some cells without NOS to utilize it.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".