Inner retinal cell development is impaired in Smoky Joe chickens
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Many different components of the retina can be affected by inherited degenerative diseases causing blindness. Currently, 5 different mutant strains of chicken have already been studied as potential models for inherited retinal degeneration; however, the potential for the blind strain of White Leghorns, called Smoky Joe (SJ), as a model remains unknown. Ocular symptoms observed within homozygous SJ birds show the birds have varying levels of blindness at hatch and by 8 wk posthatch are completely blind, but details about the development of the blindness are unclear (Salter et al., 1997). The objective of this study was to characterize the retinal development of blind and sighted SJ chicks during embryogenesis, and to monitor the numbers of the retinal cells with cell-type-specific markers. Blind SJ chicks showed less retinal cells throughout embryogenesis compared with sighted SJ chicks (P < 0.0001). Based on the histological analysis, it was determined that amacrine cells within the inner nuclear layer were the most affected cell type, showing lower numbers in the blind SJ compared with the sighted; amacrine cell development was also delayed in the blind birds, beginning 2 d later than in sighted SJ birds. Photoreceptors were also scarcely detected within the blind SJ and potentially may be an additional target of developmental impairment. Further analysis on posthatch SJ will aid in determining degenerative characteristics of a fully developed retina and its cells.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".