NMR study of 13C‐glucose and 13C‐acetate metabolism in the brain of rats with acute liver failure
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Acute liver failure (ALF) is characterized by hepatic encephalopathy (HE) with brain edema as the main cause of death. The role of brain energy failure in ALF is still controversial. In the present study we investigated the association of encephalopathy with brain energy metabolism in rats with ALF induced by liver devascularization. Using [1–13]glucose and [2–13C]acetate combined with [1H, 13C]NMR spectroscopy anaerobic and aerobic carbon fluxes were studied in brain extracts from ALF rats. The anaplerotic flux of 13C‐label from glucose was found to be stimulated resulting in a 10‐fold increase of [13C]glutamine (Gln) starting at precoma stages of encephalopathy. In contrast, de novo synthesis of alanine and lactate increased to 320 and 210% in precoma, followed by a further elevation at coma stages to 615 and 425% of sham‐operated control values. Using [2–13C]acetate, the higher 13C‐enrichment of C‐2 in Gln, glutamate (Glu) and the corresponding C‐4 in GABA compared to C‐3 of either compound suggests cleavage of [2–13C]citrate and formation of [3–13C]oxaloacetate, which enters the glial TCA cycle. On the other hand, decreased synthesis of [4–13C]Glu and [2–13C]GABA was observed. This may result from decreased neuronal oxidative metabolism, since the ratio of [4–13C]Glu/[2–13C]GABA is unchanged and increased [2–13C]Glu and corresponding [4–13C]GABA suggests a stimulated flux of astrocytic label to neurons. Impaired neuronal energy metabolism and selective stimulation of lactate synthesis may contribute to the pathogenesis of HE in ALF. Acknowledgements: Funded by CIHR Canada.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".