Border Delays Re-Emerging Priority: Within-Country Dimensions for Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Les retards à la frontière canado-américaine, et les coûts qu’ils impliquent, sont de nouveau une source de préoccupation au Canada. Dans cet article, nous réévaluons leurs impacts économiques, à la lumière de nouvelles recherches économiques et en utilisant un modèle pour réaliser des simulations numériques, afin d’estimer la part de ces impacts, sur le commerce et sur la prospérité économique, que subit chaque région du Canada. Nos résultats montrent qu’il est justifié de craindre les conséquences des retards à la frontière, et que leurs impacts semblent particulièrement importants en Ontario et au Québec. Cela démontre ainsi la pertinence de notre étude en matière de politiques publiques au niveau tant pancanadien que régional, étant donné l’intérêt renouvelé dont font actuellement l’objet les questions touchant la protection à la frontière.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".