Sodium overlayers on low-index tungsten surfaces: Field and photofield emission currents and surface electronic structures
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The total-energy distributions (TEDs) of the emission currents in field emission and surface photofield emission and the overlayer-induced modifications in the surface electronic structures from the technologically important W surfaces with the commensurate W(100)/Na $c$(2 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} 2) and W(110)/Na (2 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} 2) overlayers are studied from first principle and compared to experiments. The TEDs obtained by our recent numerical method that extends the full-potential linear augmented plane-wave method for the electronic structures to the study of field and photofield emission are used to interpret the shifts of the peaks in the experimental TEDs in field emission and photofield emission from the W(100) and W(110) surfaces at submonolayer and monolayer Na coverage. Wave function overlap of the 3$s$ Na states and the pairs of ${d}_{{z}^{2}}$-like surface states of the strong Swanson hump in clean W(100) below the Fermi energy shifts these W states by about \ensuremath{-}1.2 eV, thus stabilizing these states, to yield new strong peaks in the TEDs in field emission and photofield emission from W(100)/Na $c$(2 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} 2), in agreement with experiments. Na intralayer interactions shift the strong $s$- and $p$-like peaks in the surface density of states of W(110) below and above the Fermi energy, respectively, to lower energy with increasing coverage.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".