Review: inhaled insulin provides better glycaemic control than oral hypoglycaemic agents but not better than subcutaneous insulin
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ceglia L, Lau J, Pittas AG. Meta-analysis: efficacy and safety of inhaled insulin therapy in adults with diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med 2006;145:665–75.[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4] Q In patients with diabetes, what is the relative efficacy, safety, and acceptability of inhaled insulin compared with subcutaneous (SC) insulin and oral hypoglycaemic agents? ### ![Graphic][5] Data sources: Medline (June 2006), Cochrane Controlled Clinical Trials Register (Issue 2, 2006), reference lists, and the US Food and Drug Administration web site. ### ![Graphic][6] Study selection and assessment: English language randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared inhaled insulin with SC insulin or oral hypoglycaemic agents in non-pregnant adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes and had a duration ⩾12 weeks. 16 RCTs (n = 4023, mean age range 29–60 y, 58% men) met the selection criteria. Methodological quality was assessed based on randomisation … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DAnnals%2Bof%2BInternal%2BMedicine%26rft.stitle%253DANN%2BINTERN%2BMED%26rft.aulast%253DCeglia%26rft.auinit1%253DL.%26rft.volume%253D145%26rft.issue%253D9%26rft.spage%253D665%26rft.epage%253D675%26rft.atitle%253DMeta-Analysis%253A%2BEfficacy%2Band%2BSafety%2Bof%2BInhaled%2BInsulin%2BTherapy%2Bin%2BAdults%2Bwith%2BDiabetes%2BMellitus%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.7326%252F0003-4819-145-9-200611070-00009%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F17088580%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.7326/0003-4819-145-9-200611070-00009&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=17088580&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febnurs%2F10%2F2%2F49.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000241707800005&link_type=ISI [5]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif [6]: /embed/inline-graphic-2.gif
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.021 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.009 | 0.005 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.008 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.013 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".