First Observation of PeV-Energy Neutrinos with IceCube
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
We report on the observation of two neutrino-induced events which have an estimated deposited energy in the IceCube detector of $1.04\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.16$ and $1.14\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.17\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{PeV}$, respectively, the highest neutrino energies observed so far. These events are consistent with fully contained particle showers induced by neutral-current ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e,\ensuremath{\mu},\ensuremath{\tau}}$ (${\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}}_{e,\ensuremath{\mu},\ensuremath{\tau}}$) or charged-current ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e}$ (${\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}}_{e}$) interactions within the IceCube detector. The events were discovered in a search for ultrahigh energy neutrinos using data corresponding to 615.9 days effective live time. The expected number of atmospheric background is $0.082\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.004(\mathrm{stat}{)}_{\ensuremath{-}0.057}^{+0.041}(\mathrm{syst})$. The probability of observing two or more candidate events under the atmospheric background-only hypothesis is $2.9\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ ($2.8\ensuremath{\sigma}$) taking into account the uncertainty on the expected number of background events. These two events could be a first indication of an astrophysical neutrino flux; the moderate significance, however, does not permit a definitive conclusion at this time.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it