Transition velocities and phase holdups at minimum fluidization in gas–liquid–solid systems
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Hydrodynamic experiments were performed using a 127‐mm diameter column with 3.2‐mm porous alumina, 3.3‐mm polymer blend, 5.5‐mm polystyrene and 6.0‐mm glass spheres, with water, aqueous glycerol solution and silicone oil as liquids, and air as the gas. The voidage at minimum fluidization fell initially to a minimum, then rose gradually with increasing superficial gas velocity, and was lower for three‐phase systems than for corresponding two‐phase (liquid–solid) fluidized beds. The compaction appears to be due to agitation by gas bubbles near the minimum liquid fluidization condition. The gas holdups agree reasonably well with the correlation of Yang et al. (1993). Curves of minimum liquid fluidization velocity, Ulmf, vs. superficial gas velocity, Ug always show Ulmf decreasing as Ug increases, initially in a concave‐downward manner, but sometimes concave‐upward.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".