Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present results of the first two-dimensional radiative transfer modelling of the eclipsing binary RY Sct and its dusty disc. Assuming an effective temperature = 27 000 K for both components and the distance D = 1.8 kpc, we derive the total luminosity = . The optically thin dusty disc ( in the equatorial plane) extends from its inner boundary at AU to the distances of AU, where it blends into the interstellar medium. The very high energy output of the supergiants heats up the interstellar dust, well beyond the outer boundary, to temperatures of ~ 100 K. It is the large interstellar extinction towards RY Sct ( mag) that defines its spectral energy distribution in the ultraviolet, optical and near infrared. The disc has a full opening angle = 26° and we observe it at a viewing angle = 14° from its midplane (inclination i = 76°). There is a strong density enhancement in the disc within a narrow ring at r = 1500 AU, that emits most of the infrared flux and is prominent in Keck telescope images (Gehrz et al. 2001, ApJ, 559, 395). The dust mass contained in the disc within 1´´ from the star ( 1800 AU) is , by a factor of 3 lower than in previous estimates. However, in our model there is ~30 times more mass in the surroundings of the binary system than within the dense ring. As much as 95% of the total dust mass and gas mass M = 0.017 of the circumbinary material is contained in the outer, old wind at 1800 AU. Presumably the dense ring has been created by a fast wind that swept out and compressed the previously lost material in the older and slower stellar wind. Based on the new Keck data, our model predicts that presently there is a relatively large number of small, hot dust grains in the dust formation zone, whose emission substantially changes the shape of the SED of RY Sct in the near infrared. This suggests a higher mass-loss rate or dust-to-gas mass ratio or lower wind velocity, or a combination of these factors.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".