Fundamental parameter approach to XRF spectroscopy measurements of arsenic in polyester resin skin phantoms
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract A fundamental parameter (FP) approach that explicitly incorporates the energy‐broadening response of the detector was developed. The ratio between Kα fluorescence peak area and the sum of coherently and incoherently scattered peak areas was used as an indicator of trace element concentration. The peak ratio was theoretically calculated using the FP method. The energy‐broadening response curve of the Si(Li) detector was estimated by matching the theoretical and experimental values of this ratio. The method was implemented for the analysis of the K‐shell x‐ray fluorescence (K‐XRF) spectra of six polyester resin samples corresponding to six different arsenic concentrations. A 109 Cd radioactive source provided the excitation radiation for spectra acquisition. The predicted detector energy resolution expressed as full width at half‐maximum (FWHM) for Fe Kα fluorescence peak (208 ± 5 eV at 6.4 keV) and As Kα fluorescence peak (222 ± 5 eV at 10.5 keV) were in agreement with the experimental measurements. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".