Fracture toughness of frozen base and subbase soils in pavement
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Temperature distribution in the pavement structure, moisture distribution in granular soils, modulus of the asphalt concrete, and fracture toughness of material in the pavement structure strongly influence the propagation and spacing of thermal contraction cracks. Fracture toughness was determined for frozen sand (subbase layer) and frozen crushed stone (base layer) by adapting established fracture mechanics test procedures recommended in American Society for Testing and Materials standard test method E399-83 for metals. It was established that fracture toughness increases with decreasing temperature and increasing volumetric ice content. For a temperature of 5°C, the fracture toughness of frozen crushed stone increased almost linearly from 0.05 to 0.40 MPa·m 0.5 when the volumetric ice content increased from 6 to 14%. For frozen sand, the fracture toughness K IC in a wedge-opening mode increased from 0.04 to 0.70 MPa·m 0.5 when the volumetric ice content increased from 8 to 28%. It was also established that the fracture toughness of frozen soil decreases with decreasing soil average grain size according to a logarithmic law.Key words: fracture, toughness, experimental, frozen, granular soil, pavement.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".