The Role of the Growth and Lactogenic Hormone Family in Immune Function (Part 1 of 2)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The influence of various members of the growth and lactogenic hormone family on the immune system is reviewed. A general hypothesis is proposed for growth control in higher animals. It is suggested that immune reactions, which are based on lymphocyte proliferation, obey the general rules of growth control in vertebrate animals. Growth and lactogenic hormones (GLH) are required for the development and function of the immune system and are suggested to deliver the first signal that prepares the cell for proliferation, differentiation and function. This signal has already been designated by other as the competence signal which initiates the cell cycle. Second signals are delivered through the antigen receptor, and/or by some other cell surface receptors (adhesion molecules) and always involve cell-to-cell ('bridging') and/or cell-to-matrix interaction. This category of signals is designated as stromal or adherence signals. The lymphocyte adhesion molecules that mediate second signals have evolved form organ- and tissue-specific recognition/regulatory molecules. The antigen receptors have been perfected during evolution from self recognition to specific-antigen recognition. Apart from this exquisitely specific mechanism of immune recognition, there is evidence for other less specific means of recognition by adherence molecules that mediate the activation of the immune system during nonspecific injury and also play a role in the elimination of degenerated and neoplastic cells. Signals delivered through adhesion molecules have the power to commit the cell to a given activity which is executed by the delivery of third signals in the form of soluble cytokines, usually, but not always, by the same cell delivering the second signal(s). The combination of these three groups of signals will ultimately determine whether or not the cell will proliferate, differentiate, maintain function or, perhaps, be committed to apoptosis. Therefore, GLH maintain immunocompetence which enables the immune system to respond to specific antigenic and tissue-derived stimuli in a self-regulated fashion. The adrenocorticotropic hormone-adrenal axis antagonizes the immunostimulatory effect of GLH. This basic pattern of lymphocyte regulation is influenced further by additional hormones, neurotransmitters and neuropeptides, mostly by the modulation of signal delivery. The constant interaction of neuroendocrine and internal immunoregulatory mechanisms assures the fine tuning of the immune system, so that it is able to function in homeostasis and harmony with the organism.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".