Two-photon imaging of Zn <sup>2+</sup> dynamics in mossy fiber boutons of adult hippocampal slices
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Mossy fiber termini in the hippocampus accumulate Zn(2+), which is released with glutamate from synaptic vesicles upon neural excitation. Understanding the spatiotemporal regulation of mobile Zn(2+) at the synaptic level is challenging owing to the difficulty of visualizing Zn(2+) at individual synapses. Here we describe the use of zinc-responsive fluorescent probes together with two-photon microscopy to image Zn(2+) dynamics mediated by NMDA receptor-dependent long-term potentiation induction at single mossy fiber termini of dentate gyrus neurons in adult mouse hippocampal slices. The membrane-impermeant fluorescent Zn(2+) probe, 6-CO2H-ZAP4, was loaded into presynaptic vesicles in hippocampal mossy fiber termini upon KCl-induced depolarization, which triggers subsequent endocytosis and vesicular restoration. Local tetanic stimulation decreased the Zn(2+) signal observed at individual presynaptic sites, indicating release of the Zn(2+) from vesicles in synaptic potentiation. This synapse-level two-photon Zn(2+) imaging method enables monitoring of presynaptic Zn(2+) dynamics for improving the understanding of physiological roles of mobile Zn(2+) in regular and aberrant neurologic function.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".