Chronic Prenatal Ethanol Exposure Alters Ionotropic Glutamate Receptor Subunit Protein Levels in the Adult Guinea Pig Cerebral Cortex
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The superfamily of glutamate-gated ion channels mediates fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system and is composed of the NMDA, AMPA, and kainate receptors. Binding studies have shown that chronic prenatal and/or neonatal ethanol exposure produces persistent effects on the numbers of some of these channels. However, whether or not this chronic ethanol exposure produces long-lasting effects on the expression of specific ionotropic receptor subunits remains an open question. METHODS: Timed pregnant Dunkin-Hartley strain guinea pigs received oral administration of one of the following regimens between gestational days 2 and 67: (1) 4 g of ethanol per kilogram of maternal body weight per day with ad libitum access to pellet food and water (ethanol group), (2) isocaloric sucrose- and pair-feeding with ad libitum access to water (sucrose group), or (3) isovolumetric water with ad libitum access to food and water (water group). The maternal blood ethanol concentration produced by the ethanol regimen was 71 +/- 12 mM. Adult offspring were killed on postnatal day 61, and cerebral cortical tissue was analyzed for ionotropic glutamate receptor subunit expression by Western immunoblotting. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant decrease in NR2B subunit protein expression and an increase in GluR2/3 subunit protein expression in the ethanol group. Expression of NR1, NR2A, NR2C, GluR1, GluR6/7, and KA2 subunit proteins was not affected. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that chronic prenatal ethanol exposure produces long-lasting effects on the subunit composition of NMDA and AMPA receptors in the cerebral cortex of the adult guinea pig.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".