Morphological and swim performance variation among reproductive tactics of bluegill sunfish (<i>Lepomis macrochirus</i>)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ecomorphology examines the relationship between morphology and ecological characteristics often in relation to foraging, predation, and habitat use. However, ecomorphology may also be linked to reproductive behaviour (“tactic”), but few studies have examined this relationship. We examined bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque, 1819), a species in which some males become “parentals” while others adopt a parasitic “cuckolder” tactic. Parentals build nests, court females, and care for the young. Cuckolders instead act as “sneakers”, darting into nests while females are releasing eggs, and then transition to “satellites”, mimicking female appearance. We predicted that reproductive tactic would be associated with morphological variation and swimming performance. We collected bluegill parentals, sneakers, satellites, females, and juveniles to compare morphology, burst swim, and swim endurance. We found significant morphological variation among the groups, with only satellites and females having similar body shapes. Interestingly, satellites did not overlap in shape with sneakers, despite representing a single ontogenetic life history, providing evidence for a relationship between reproductive tactic and morphology. We also found that swim performance varied among the groups, with sneakers having the fastest burst swim and longest swim endurance. Our results indicate that reproductive tactic is an important factor in the ecomorphology of fish.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".