Firing Patterns in Superior Colliculus of Head-Unrestrained Monkey during Normal and Perturbed Gaze Saccades Reveal Short-Latency Feedback and a Sluggish Rostral Shift in Activity
Bibliographic record
Abstract
UNLABELLED: The superior colliculus (SC) encodes a saccade via the spatial position of an ensemble of active neurons on its motor map. Downstream circuits control muscles with the temporal code of firing frequency and duration. The moving hill hypothesis resolves the SC-to-brainstem spatiotemporal transformation (STT) enigma by proposing feedback to the SC which "pushes" a hill of activity (height = frequency) caudorostrally such that its instantaneous position encodes the angular error [gaze-position error (GPE)] between gaze and target. This mechanism, proposed for cat but controversial in primate, has not been tested in the head-unrestrained monkey. We do this here. During large approximately 60 degrees control gaze shifts in the dark, a hill of activity began in the caudal SC and moved rostrally, but too sluggishly to encode veridical GPE. At gaze end the peak had not reached the rostral pole and only arrived there approximately 80 ms later. No moving hill accompanied approximately 20 degrees gaze shifts, in agreement with previous studies of head-fixed monkeys. To investigate feedback to the SC, we perturbed large gaze shifts producing initial and corrective gaze saccades separated by 50-800 ms of gaze immobility, the gaze plateau. Map activity was dramatically remodeled: the sluggishly moving hill stopped during the plateau, at the site encoding the corrective gaze saccade, thereby providing a tonic stationary spatially encoded memory signal of plateau GPE. A burst occurred before the corrective saccade. CONCLUSION: Feedback to map moves activity which encodes a low-pass filtered GPE signal, a process too slow to implement the STT but adequate for corrective gaze saccades.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".