Mapping the Subsurface of Waterloo Region, Ontario, Canada; An Improved Framework of Quaternary Geology for Hydrogeological Applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Please click here to download the map associated with this article. The Ontario Geological Survey (OGS) has embarked on a pilot project of 3-dimensional mapping of Quaternary deposits within the Regional Municipality of Waterloo in southwestern Ontario, Canada. This project is part of a broader OGS initiative designed to provide basic geoscience information for the protection and preservation of the provincial groundwater resource. The main objective of this project is to develop a series of protocols for detailed 3-dimensional mapping of Quaternary deposits. These protocols shall be used as standards for similar surveys to be undertaken in other areas of the province. 3-dimensional mapping involves the characterization of the geometry and inherent properties of subsurface deposits. This information can: 1) aid in studies involving groundwater extraction, protection and remediation; 2) assist with the development of policies surrounding land use and nutrient management; and 3) help to better understand the interaction between surface and groundwater systems. This paper briefly summarizes the main sources of information used for the creation of the 3-dimensional block model and the key processes involved in its generation. The attached map is an exploded representation of the main Quaternary units present within the Regional Municipality of Waterloo. The regionally-based block model is created with cells measuring 100 by 100 m. The structural contour and isopach depictions can: 1) assist with the identification of windows that hydraulically connect upper and lower aquifers; 2) help to define areas where aquifers are intrinsically more susceptible to contamination; and 3) aid in unravelling depositional environments which can ultimately be used to help one predict sediment variability in the subsurface.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".