Free‐Radical Propagation Kinetics of <i>N</i>‐Vinyl Formamide in Aqueous Solution Studied by PLP–SEC
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The propagation rate coefficients, k p , were determined for free‐radical polymerization of N ‐vinyl formamide (NVF) in aqueous solution by pulsed‐laser‐initiated polymerization in conjunction with size‐exclusion chromatography. The polymerizations were carried out in the temperature range from 5 to 60 °C for concentrations between 3 and 100 wt.‐% NVF. A six‐fold decrease in k p was observed between polymerization of NVF in dilute aqueous solution and in bulk monomer. Intermolecular hydrogen bonding and dipolar interactions between solvent molecules and the transition state structure for NVF propagation are proposed to be responsible for these observed solvent effects, which are compared to similar effects found for the aqueous solution polymerizations of nonionized methacrylic acid and N ‐vinyl pyrrolidone (NVP). Batch aqueous‐phase polymerizations of NVF and NVP demonstrate that the difference in initial rates of fractional conversion correlates with the differences in k p values for these two monomers. 2D NMR is used to study transfer reactions that occur at higher temperatures and NVF concentrations to the formic group and to the polyNVF backbone. magnified image
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it