PEV-based combined frequency and voltage regulation for smart grid
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
With the increasing popularity of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs), they will be able to help the power grid by providing various ancillary services. In fact, recent studies have suggested that PEVs can participate in frequency regulation. In this paper, we consider offering both, i.e., combined, frequency and voltage regulation by PEVs. In this regard, we first investigate a set of constraints that need to be taken into account on PEVs' active and reactive power flow to offer ancillary services. Next, we formulate two joint optimization problems, based on different pricing and contract scenarios, that can be solved for optimal combined offering of frequency and voltage regulation by PEVs. They address both day-ahead command-based and day-ahead price-based models. Simulation results show that the proposed designs can benefit both users and utilities.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it