Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bench-scale treatability of an ensemble of gasoline compounds was investigated using unactivated and activated persulfate. The activation strategies explored were chelated-iron, peroxide, alkaline conditions, and the presence of aquifer solids. Batch reactor trials were designed with an initial total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) concentration of ∼25 mg/L, and nine organic compounds were monitored over a 28-day reaction period. First-order oxidation rate coefficients (kobs) were estimated for all experimental trials. Unactivated persulfate at a concentration of 20 g/L resulted in almost complete oxidation of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) (>99%), trimethylbenzenes (>95%), and significant oxidation of naphthalene (∼70%). Oxidation rate coefficients were enhanced by 2–15 times using the peroxide or chelated-iron activation strategy. Alkaline activation at pH 11 or 13 yielded kobs that were ∼2 times higher than the unactivated case, except for the kobs for benzene, toluene, and ethylbenzene, which were reduced by 50% at pH 13. Natural activation by two aquifer materials resulted in kobs similar to the unactivated case. Significant oxidant strength (60–85%) was observed in all 20 g/L persulfate reactors, implying significant persulfate persistence under gasoline-contaminated conditions. The overall bulk gasoline stoichiometry for these experimental trials varied from 120 to 340 g-persulfate/g-TPH.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".