Intermittent breeding in the absence of a large cost of reproduction: evidence for a non‐migratory, iteroparous salmonid
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In long‐lived organisms, intermittent breeding likely evolves as a resource allocation strategy for coping with environmental uncertainty or individual heterogeneity in condition. In fishes, the phenomenon of intermittent breeding is referred to as skipped spawning, and appears to be more common at high latitudes or in migratory species with high accessory costs of reproduction. We used long‐term monitoring data on lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) to test whether key predictions about the frequency of skipped spawning hold in a mid‐latitude population of a species lacking any obvious costs of reproduction beyond the production and fertilization of gametes. We first developed a threshold‐based method to classify skipped spawners based on gonad size, fish size, and fish age. Consistent with life history theory, age‐specific frequencies of skipped spawning were higher in females than males. The frequency of skipped spawning varied among years and was higher in 1994–2011 than in 1938–1959, perhaps because of food web changes over the past century. In temperate lakes, food web structure may be sufficiently variable to favor intermittent breeding in long‐lived iteroparous fishes, despite low accessory costs of reproduction.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".