Audio-visual integration in stereoscopic 3D
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The perception of synchronous, intelligible, speech is fundamental to a high-quality modern cinema experience. Surprisingly, this issue has remained relatively unexplored in stereoscopic 3D (S3D) media, despite its increasing popularity. Instead, visual parameters have been the primary focus of concern for those who create, and those who study the impact of, S3D content. In the work presented here we ask if ability to integrate audio and visual information is influenced by adding the third dimension to film. We also investigate the effects of known visual parameters (horizontal and vertical parallax), on audio-visual integration. To this end, we use an illusion of speech processing known as the McGurk effect as an objective measure of multi-modal integration. In the classic (2D) version of this phenomenon, discrepant auditory (/ba/) and visual (/ga/) information typically results in the perception of a unique 'fusion' syllable (e.g. /da/). We extended this paradigm to measure the McGurk effect in a small theatre. We varied the horizontal (IA: 0, 6, 12, 18, 24 mm) and vertical (0°, 0.5°, 0.75°, 1°) parallax from trial-to-trial and asked observers to report their percept of the phoneme. Our results show a consistently high proportion of the expected fusion responses, with no effect of horizontal or vertical offsets. These data are the first to show that the McGurk effect extends to stereoscopic stimuli and is not a phenomenon isolated to 2D media perception. Furthermore, the results show that audiences can tolerate a high level of both horizontal and vertical disparity and maintain veridical speech perception. We consider these results in terms of current stereoscopic filmmaking recommendations and practices.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.136 | 0.018 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".