Net Cd<sup>2+</sup> flux at the root surface of durum wheat (<i>Triticum turgidum</i> L. var. <i>durum</i>) cultivars in relation to cultivar differences in Cd accumulation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Net Cd2+ flux and Cd accumulation for four durum wheat cultivars were measured to determine whether the net Cd2+ flux to the roots plays a role in cultivar differences in Cd accumulation. Plants were germinated for 4 d in the dark and then grown hydroponically for 2 d before being placed in a Petri dish with their roots immersed in a 1.0 µM Cd solution. Net Cd2+ flux to the root was measured at ten positions located 0.5 mm to 25 mm from the root tip. Cadmium concentrations were measured using Cd2+-selective microel ectrodes; Cd2+ flux to the root surface was then calculated using the MIFE™ system. The flux was greatest nearest the root tip (within 1.5 mm of the tip) and there were no significant differences in net Cd2+ flux among the various cultivars — likely because of the absence of a Casparian strip in the root tip cells. Net Cd2+ flux decreased with increasing distance from the root tip, with significant differences among cultivars. The mean Cd2+ flux to the roots in the 2–25 mm region increased in the following order: Arcola ≈ G9265-AU ≈ Kyle < G9265-BF, with the low grain Cd accumulators (Arcola and G9265-AU) generally exhibiting lower fluxes than the high grain Cd accumulators (Kyle and G9265-BF). However, net Cd2+ flux did not correspond to total plant Cd content, which increased in the order: G9265-AU < G9265-BF < Kyle < Arcola. We conclude that while there are durum wheat cultivar differences in the net Cd2+ flux at the root surface, their contribution to cultivar differences in total plant Cd accumulation is generally overshadowed by one or more other Cd accumulation factors. Key words: Cadmium, microelectrodes, plant cadmium content, cadmium flux, durum wheat, cultivar
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".