Enhancement of Osseointegration of Implants Placed into Extraction Sockets of Healthy and Periodontally Diseased Teeth by Using Graft Material, an ePTFE Membrane, or a Combination
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Advanced periodontal disease as well as failed endodontic teeth are the most common reasons for tooth removal and simultaneous implant placement. PURPOSE: To determine whether the addition of a bone substitute graft material and/or a guided bone regeneration membrane added to the site of an immediately placed implant would increase the development of lamellated bone, particularly in the presence of bone defects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four treatment modalities associated with the immediate placement of hydroxyapatite-coated endosteal screw implants into extraction sockets of healthy (C/H) and periodontally diseased teeth (T/PD) were tested. Five dogs with healthy teeth and five dogs with naturally occurring periodontitis were chosen for the study. Each dog received eight implants after extraction of four mandibular and four maxillary premolars. Four implants were submerged for 3 months and four for 6 months. The implants were either inserted alone (subgroup A); surrounded by a GORE-TEX membrane (subgroup B; W.L. Gore & Associates Inc., Flagstaff, AZ, USA); surrounded by PepGen P-15 (Dentsply Friadent CeraMed Dental Co. Denver, CO, USA) at coronal area (subgroup C); or surrounded by a combination of graft material and the ePTFE membrane (subgroup D). Implants in group A were osseointegrated in both C/H and T/PD groups with similar bone-implant contact ratios (BICRs). RESULTS: ePTFE membrane significantly improved the BICR of the 6-months implants, whereas graft material significantly increased the BICR at 3 months and maintained the gain thereafter. The graft material and membrane combination further improved the BICR and significantly increased lamellated bone in crestal bone of all implants. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides experimental evidence in support of use of graft material with immediately placed implants, particularly in presence of bone defects that initially reduce the BICR such as in periodontitis. Adding an ePTFE membrane to graft material resulted in a greater replacement of woven bone by lamellated bone. Clinical trials in humans are recommended as a follow-up of this experimental study.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".