Antimicrobial Activity of Gallotannins Isolated from Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Kernels
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Gallotannins were extracted from mango ( Mangifera indica L.) kernels with aqueous acetone (80%, v/v) and purified using liquid-liquid extraction and two-step low-pressure liquid chromatography (LPLC) on Sephadex LH-20. Analytical high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry confirmed the presence of hydrolyzable tannins with a degree of galloylation ranging from 4 to 9 and additionally revealed the presence of deca-, undeca-, and dodeca-O-galloylglucose. Further purification using two-step semipreparative HPLC resulted in three pure hydrolyzable tannins, penta-, hexa-, and hepta-O-galloylglucose, with antibacterial activity, as evidenced from the agar spot and critical dilution assays. Although the growth of lactic acid bacteria was not inhibited, the proliferation of Gram-positive food spoilage bacteria was prevented and the growth of Gram-negative Escherichia coli was reduced. Because bacterial growth could be restored by the addition of iron to the medium, this study strongly supports the view that the inhibitory effects of hydrolyzable tannins are due to their iron-complexing properties.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".