On the angular dependence of sound scattering from natural sand in turbulent suspensions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We report on measurements of the variation with scattering angle of the differential scattering cross section of particles embedded in turbulence. The experimental apparatus consists of a turbulent round water jet carrying the particles, and a pair of broadband MHz-frequency transducers operating as transmitter and receiver and arranged in a bistatic geometry centred on the jet axis. The purpose of the jet is to confine the scatterers within a restricted range interval and thereby eliminate the need to correct the signal for attenuation due to scattering along the transmit and receive paths. Measurements were made at scattering angles between 90 and 170 degrees, for both natural sand grains and spherical glass beads in narrow size distributions with median diameters ranging from 200 to 500 μm. Particle size distributions were determined using different methodologies to obtain both volumetric and projected area estimates of equivalent spherical size. The results are compared to the theory for scattering by a solid sphere. Implications regarding the choice of equivalent sphere size for sound scattering by natural sand grains in suspension are discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".