Gillies Elevation and Percutaneous Kirschner Wire Fixation in the Treatment of Simple Zygoma Fractures: Long-Term Quantitative Outcomes
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The objective of zygoma fracture repair is to restore preinjury function and appearance. The optimal surgical technique represents a balance between accurate fracture reduction and soft-tissue morbidity. METHODS: Fifty patients were eligible for review after treatment for isolated simple zygoma fractures using a combination of Gillies elevation and percutaneous Kirschner wire fixation between 1992 and 2003. Fourteen patients were available for examination at a mean follow-up of 8.7 years. Quantifiable parameters, including orbitozygomatic complex position, ocular globe projection, and infraorbital nerve function, were measured. All patients underwent qualitative assessment by independent, blinded observers. Negative soft-tissue sequelae were recorded. RESULTS: The mean differences between injured and uninjured sides of the face for malar eminence projection, height, and lateral position were 2.5, 2.7, and 2.3 mm, respectively. The mean difference in ocular globe projection was 1.23 mm. When these results were compared with those previously published for open reduction and internal fixation, no statistically significant difference was noted. The qualitative observers were able to identify the affected side 12 percent of the time. Other than a small punctate scar noted in one patient at the Kirschner wire insertion site, no other negative cutaneous or eyelid sequelae were noted. CONCLUSIONS: This study objectively shows that Gillies elevation combined with percutaneous Kirschner wire fixation provides facial contour restoration that is not significantly different from that of open reduction and internal fixation, with less soft-tissue morbidity. The technique is safe, easy to learn, and easy to perform, and should be considered in cases of isolated simple zygoma fractures.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it