The reliability of cryoSEM for the observation and quantification of xylem embolisms and quantitative analysis of xylem sap <i>in situ</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The reliability of cryoSEM for visualizing gas embolisms in xylem vessels of intact, functioning roots is examined and discussed. The possibility that these embolisms form as a result of freezing water columns under tension is discounted by a double-freeze experiment. Two regions of the same root, one frozen under tension, the other isolated from the tension by the first freeze, had the same percentage of embolisms, as did also long pieces of root frozen simultaneously along their length. The reliability of energy-dispersive X-ray analysis to measure xylem sap concentration in situ in frozen tissue was established by measurement of KCl standard solution frozen on stubs, and within xylem vessels. Solute heterogeneity within the vessels varied with freezing procedure; deep-freeze > LN2 > cryopliers > liquid ethane, but only the deep-freeze method gave unsatisfactory estimates of concentration for the standard solution. It is concluded that cryoanalytical SEM is useful for direct observation of gas and liquid-filled compartments, and for solute analyses at depth within intact plant organs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".