Experimental investigation of infiltration ponding in one-dimensional sand–geotextile columns
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The paper describes the results of laboratory tests that were carried out to quantify the geotextile water characteristic curves of a woven and nonwoven geotextile in new and modified conditions. The geotextiles were modified by contamination with kaolin powder. The specimens were placed in 2 m high, one-dimensional sand columns and subjected to constant head water infiltration loading. Conductivity probes and tensiometers were used to record the unsaturated–saturated response of the sand–geotextile layers and a control column with sand only. The test results showed a detectable delay in infiltration front advancement and ponding level, which increased with decreasing saturated permeability of the geotextile specimen. The use of geotextile– water characteristic curves from in-air laboratory suction plate tests is shown to underestimate water ponding heights in the columns, which means that their use for design may be nonconservative. Another practical implication of the work reported here is that for geotextile–sand systems under surface water infiltration loading, current filtration design criteria that call for the ratio of saturated hydraulic (conductivity) permeability of the geotextile to that of the surrounding sand be at least one, may need to be strengthened. For ratios of 1 and 10, the estimated ponding height above the geotextile was estimated to be 4 and 0.1 cm, respectively. Hence, ratios of saturated hydraulic permeability greater than one may be necessary to prevent lateral flow of water above a geotextile in sand fills used in wall, slope and road applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".