Heterogeneity in Rural Household Food Demand and Its Determinants in Ondo State, Nigeria: An Application of Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study described the food demand of rural households of Nigeria with a view to identifying its determinants and responsiveness to price and household food expenditure.The study made use of 121 rural households in Ondo state using a 3-stage random sampling technique.Demand for food groups in this study was estimated using Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System (QUAIDS). The Wald test revealed that the QUAIDS model was significantly corrected for endogeneity and that the inclusion of demographics in the model significantly improved estimates. Food group grains and starch basket had the largest share (49%) of household total food expenditure. Grains and starch was expenditure inelastic, animal protein was a luxury, Fruits and Vegetables group was inelastic, while Fats and Oils were elastic. Own price elasticities were all negative as expected in both uncompensated and compensated price elasticity estimates. The Hicksian cross-price elasticities showed that all food groups were net substitutes. Arising from the foregoing, the study concludes that animal protein group and fat and oil group are income responsive while others are inelastic. The study further revealed that all food groups are normal food and price inelastic with the exception of fats and oil (price elastic). Price, household size, total food expenditure, and expenditure on food away-from-home were key determinants of food demand among rural households in Ondo state.Therefore policy directed at increasing both farm income and non-farm income to increase expenditure and promote food security should be given more attention. -family:
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".