Agglomeration and Fouling in Three Industrial Petroleum Coke-Fired CFBC Boilers Due to Carbonation and Sulfation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Petroleum coke is quickly becoming the fuel of choice for many FBC boiler operators, due to its low cost, high availability and high heating value. However, these inherent benefits come with a price, as the high sulfur content of coke requires limestone use as a sorbent for sulfur capture. In some cases, operational problems associated with limestone use have arisen. Fouling, in terms of solid deposits in such boilers are normally thought to occur as a result of interaction with various fuel-ash-derived species within the system. However, detailed examination of the solid deposits demonstrated that the fouling was, most generally, associated with an agglomeration mechanism we have called extended sulfation, i.e., sulfation to near quantitative levels of the limestone sorbent. Carbonation and hydration have also been found to play a role in the agglomeration process at lower temperatures. This paper describes the fouling mechanisms in three circulating fluidized bed boilers firing petroleum coke as the only fuel.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".