Determination of substorm onset timing and location using the THEMIS ground based observatories
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The NASA THEMIS mission is studying substorms by timing the substorm signatures at multiple satellite locations in the magnetosphere and in the aurora using 20 ground based observatories (GBO‐s). The time resolution requirement is ∼10 sec. The GBO‐s provide a near contiguous array over North America. Each contains an all sky imager (3 s exposure cadence) and a magnetometer (with 2 Hz sampling rate). In one example substorm, the onset brightening of the equatorward arc was a gradual process (>27 seconds) with minimal morphology changes until the arc break up. The break up was timed to the nearest frame (<3 sec) and occurred at 58°N latitude and 256 ± 3°E longitude geographic (67°N magnetic latitude 22.1 hours MLT). The brightening of the arc was accompanied by a slow increase of the westward electrojet but this was too gradual for accurate timing of the event. High pass filtered magnetic data showed some wave activity but with significant delay (∼40 sec) after the arc break up. Similar break up occurred in Alaska ∼10 minutes later highlighting the need for an array to distinguish prime onset.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".