Glutamine administration in patients undergoing cardiac surgery and the influence on blood glutathione levels
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Cardiac surgery with an extracorporeal circulation cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is characterized by an oxidative stress response. Glutathione (GSH) belongs to the major antioxidative defense. In metabolic stress, glutamine (GLN) may be the rate-limiting factor of GSH synthesis. Decreased GLN plasma levels were observed after various critical states. We evaluated, in patients undergoing open heart surgery with CPB, the effects of a peri-operative GLN supplementation on GSH in whole blood and assessed their influence on the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score and the intensive care unit length of stay. METHODS: In this prospective, randomized, double-blinded study, we included 60 patients (age older than 70 years, ejection fraction <40% or mitral valve replacement) undergoing an elective cardiac surgery with CPB. We randomly assigned each subject to receive an infusion with either GLN (0.5 g/kg/day, group 1) or an isonitrogeneous, isocaloric, isovolemic amino acids solution (group 2) or saline (group 3). RESULTS: From the first post-operative day GLN plasma levels in group 1 were significantly increased compared with the other groups. With saline GSH the levels decreased significantly post-operatively compared with GLN. We observed a significant correlation between GLN delivery and GSH levels. CONCLUSIONS: A peri-operative high-dose GLN infusion increased plasma GLN concentrations and maintained the GSH levels after cardiac surgery with CPB.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".