ANALYSIS OF COOLING TOWER FOULING IN ENHANCED TUBES BASED ON THE PRANDTL ANALOGY
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper provides water data of pressure drop, heat transfer, and long-term cooling tower fouling in seven 15.54 mm inside diameter copper internally helically ribbed tubes and one smooth tube. The tests were performed at low water velocity (1.07 m/s), Re = 16000, and ppm = 800. The Prandtl analogy was used to obtain the mass transfer coefficient to develop appropriate semi-theoretical fouling correlations, which can assess the fouling potential in actual cooling water situations. A water quality survey sampling 26 sites located throughout the continental United States and southern Canada was conducted. The collected samples were analyzed for total hardness, calcium, magnesium, alkalinity, chloride, silica, sulfate, phosphate, and orthophosphate concentration, as well as conductivity. Significant fouling in the tubes may result in a large increase of energy penalty at the end of a cooling season in high hardness as specified in the water quality survey.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".