Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract On Thursday, August 14, 2003, at about 4:00 p.m. Eastern Standard Time in the USA, an electrical blackout crippled seven northeastern states in the USA (e.g., Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York) and parts of southeastern Canada (e.g., Toronto, Montreal, Ottawa). In some areas, the blackout lasted four days (until Monday, August 18, 2003) before power was fully restored and back to normal. The blackout affected about 50 million people, contributed to about five deaths, resulted in at least $6 billion in economic losses, and will require about $50 billion over the long run to fix the electrical grid system in the USA. This article discusses many facets of the blackout: causes; immediate impacts on industries and consumers; cost to industry; previous blackouts in the USA; rolling blackouts in other parts of the world (e.g., India, Liberia, Iraq, Haiti); impacts on travel and tourism in the USA; government responses; and managerial implications. Key Words: Blackouttravel and tourism industryUSA
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".