Wintertime radiation and energy budget along an urbanization gradient in Montreal, Canada
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This study reports on the radiation and energy balance of three sites (rural, suburban, and urban) located along an urbanization gradient in the Montreal, QC, region for two winters (December–March) with contrasting snow regimes. The urban and suburban sites had similar albedo which was about half that at the rural site during the snow‐cover period. Temporal variability in albedo was attributable to the presence of snow on rooftops at the urban site and to a site‐specific response to cloudiness at the suburban site. As compared to the suburban site, the urban site showed higher albedo inducing lower net radiation ( Q *) which was compensated for by greater anthropogenic heat flux ( Q F ), so that the urban site had highest total available energy ( Q * + Q F ). Hourly Q F estimates were a significant term in the winter energy budget analysis. Q F was dominated by building heating at both urbanized sites, while vehicular traffic contributed to rush hour peaks. Daytime total available energy was mostly dissipated as sensible heat flux ( Q H ) at the beginning of the winter season and mostly stored (Δ Q S ) towards the end of the winter at both urbanized sites. Daytime energy partitioning into Q H and Δ Q S was correlated with air temperature with no significant differences between urbanized sites. On a daily time scale, available energy was mostly stored before noon and dissipated as Q H in the afternoon at both urbanized sites. Urbanized sites showed differences in diurnal variability of Q H and Δ Q S occurring in the afternoon and evening. Latent heat flux ( Q E ) was low throughout winter and accounted for 10% of the total available energy during daytime at the urbanized sites. Water vapour emissions showed intra‐urban differences in their response to wintertime climatic conditions. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it