Pore-Level Observation of Gravity-Assisted Tertiary Gas-Injection Processes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Summary In waterdrive oil reservoirs, more than half the initial oil in place (IOIP) is trapped in the water-contacted zone after natural water influx or waterflooding. Gas injection into such reservoirs, with the assistance of gravity, interfacial tension, and oil-film flow, can cause the displacement of excess water and the redistribution of reservoir fluids in the pore space. As the result of such fluid redistribution, most of the residual oil can be recovered. Moreover, a second waterflood following the gas injection can recover the oil in a shorter period of time. Gravity-assisted tertiary gas-injection processes include the double-displacement process (DDP) and the second-contact water-displacement (SCWD) process. The DDP consists of injecting gas into waterflooded oil zones. The SCWD process consists of submitting these gasflooded zones to a new water-displacement process. In this work, the DDP and the SCWD process were conducted in a transparent sandpack micromodel, and a pore-level observation was performed to investigate the microscopic mechanisms of the two processes. Observation of the two processes confirmed that the oil films play a very important role in achieving high recovery efficiencies in the DDP. The oil film was seen clearly; such observation also showed that oil flowing through oil films and layers was driven not only by its own weight but also by the increasing volume of the gas. In the SCWD process, trapped gas reduces the possibility of the residual oil being trapped in the center of the pores. Consequently, residual oil can be recovered quickly by a second water-flood. Therefore, the SCWD process is suitable to apply in situations in which the source of gas is not sufficient and in which the formation has a high irreducible gas saturation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".