La bureaucratie représentative au sein des états multinationaux
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The authors provide a comparative analysis of representative bureaucracy in multinational states, described as being states with more than one group which defines itself as a nation. A clear distinction is made between multinational states (with their historically, culturally and ethnically established minorities) and multiethnic states (with their ethnic communities made up of different waves of immigration, whose culture is more reflected in family life and associations). The authors have selected four types of multinational state in which specific notions of the state, the civil service and national minority representation have gradually become dominant : Turkey, a unitary state, is characterised by extremely passive representation owing to its “Republicanist ideology”; the United Kingdom before 1997, a “union state”, had active representation resulting from a “unionist ideology”; Canada, a federal state, is characterised by a degree of passive representation which reflects the importance given to liberal values ; and Nigeria, a “federal communitarianist state”, stands out for its extremely active representation, which is the result of “communitarianist ideology”.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.009 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".