Long Term Complications of Orbital Floor Fracture Repair
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Purpose To search for complications of orbital floor fracture repair that occur late postoperatively, to reveal their natural course and to attempt to associate the complications with variables that are possibly involved in their genesis. Methods A retrospective comparative case series of all orbital floor fracture repair cases (158 eyes) from 1983 to 1998 was done. Synthetic prostheses were tailored to the orbital floor in clinically significant fractures. Bone grafts were chosen for large defects, comminuted fractures or if other reconstruction (eg, sinus) was required. Variables studied included age, sex, trauma to surgery time lag, surgeon, fracture type, length of surgery, antibiotics, prosthesis material, hospital stay and follow-up. These variables were tested for association with the following complications: altered vision, diplopia, dysesthesia, ectropion, pain, infection, enophthalmos and extrusion. Occurrence and resolution data were collected. Results One of four complications (often more than one per eye) resolved without surgery. Reintervention resolved one of three complications. Of all patients, 39.2% remain with long term unresolved complications. Altered vision is more probable with older patients and with longer surgeries. Diplopia was least likely to occur with orbitozygomatic or panfacial fractures and more probable with bone grafts. Ectropion and epiphora increased with a fracture's severity. Pain was mostly attributable to bone grafts. Enophthalmos was mainly due to large or comminuted fractures. Infection and extrusion were rare. Sex, surgeon and trauma to surgery time lag had no bearing on the incidence of complications. Conclusions Delaying surgery did not seem to influence complications. Lessening ocular manipulation during longer surgeries may reduce vision changes. The only truly modifiable variable was the material used for orbital floor repair. Alloplastic prostheses should be used, but if large or comminuted fractures are involved, bone grafting is an interesting first choice.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".