Left-handed behavior of split-ring resonators: Optical measurements and numerical analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The periodic double-ring split-ring resonator (SRR) array was one of the first proposed magnetic metamaterials for the realization of a negative index of refraction. We experimentally and numerically study double-ring SRRs on silicon substrates in the midinfrared frequency regime. For light at normal incidence, we observe that an electric resonance in the outer ring and a magnetic resonance in the inner ring exist at similar frequencies in our sample, which suggests that the double-ring SRR array could simultaneously have a negative permittivity and a negative permeability, or a left-handed behavior. Our conjecture are confirmed by numerical simulations. We also propose a left-handed metamaterial composed of two single-ring SRRs in each unit cell. The left-handed behaviors in the two metamaterials studied here originate only from the SRR itself. Thus, there are no metallic continuous wires involved in the devices compared to conventional left-handed SRR metamaterials.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".