A field study examining the relative importance of food and water as sources of cadmium for juvenile yellow perch (<i>Perca flavescens</i>)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To determine the relative importance of water and food as cadmium (Cd) sources for juvenile yellow perch (Perca flavescens, age 1+), fish were caged for up to 30 days in either a reference (Opasatica) or a Cd-contaminated (Dufault) lake and offered prey (zooplankton) from one of these lakes. We established four Cd-exposure regimes: a control, Cd-contaminated water only, Cd-contaminated food only, Cd-contaminated food and water. The 64 µm mesh cages used allowed the free exchange of water with the surrounding lake while retaining the added zooplankton prey for the perch. Cd in the gills and kidney of caged perch was taken up largely from lake water, whereas liver and gut Cd appeared to come from both dietary and aqueous sources. At the subcellular level (liver), the majority of the background Cd in control perch was associated with metal-sensitive fractions (organelles and heat-denatured proteins), whereas in perch exposed to waterborne or diet-borne Cd, the majority of the Cd was found in a metal-detoxified fraction (heat-stable proteins, metallothionein). For perch from all treatment levels, the higher the concentration of hepatic Cd, the greater the proportion of the Cd burden in this organ that was associated with the fraction containing metallothionein-like proteins.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".