Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in CHRNA5 rs16969968, CHRNA3 rs578776, and LOC123688 rs8034191 Are Associated With Heaviness of Smoking in Women in Northeastern Ontario, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: The development of nicotine dependence (ND) is an important final step in the development of nicotine addiction, is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality, and makes long-term smoking cessation difficult. METHODS: We used questionnaire data and DNA from buccal swabs previously collected from a population-based case-control study in Northeastern Ontario, Canada; an area with high smoking and smoking-related disease rates. Women smokers were classified into heavy and light phenotypes, a proxy for ND, and we assessed the association between phenotype and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that have been associated with increased or decreased risk of ND. RESULTS: Women with the variant AA genotype of CHRNA5 rs16969968 or variant CC genotype of LOC123688 rs8034191 were at significantly increased risk of heavy smoking, with age-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of 3.2 (95% CI: 1.05-10.0) and 2.8 (95% CI: 1.00-7.91), respectively. Women with the variant AA genotype of CHRNA3 rs578775 were at significantly decreased risk of heavy smoking, with an age-adjusted OR of 0.3 (95% CI: 0.12-0.90). CONCLUSION: SNPs from 2 distinct variant groups were significantly associated with heaviness of smoking in this homogeneous population of women with high smoking rates, and this study supports the interpretation that there are different mechanisms of nicotine addiction involving both increasing and decreasing risk.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".