Increased levels of apoptosis and p53 in partial‐thickness supraspinatus tendon tears
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: The role of apoptosis in the progression of rotator cuff tendinopathy remains poorly understood. In particular, the extent of apoptosis in the partially torn supraspinatus tendon has not been well examined. METHODS: Biopsies were obtained from nine partially torn supraspinatus tendons, from the matched intact subscapularis tendons, and from 10 reference subscapularis tendons. Immunohistochemistry was used to assess the density of apoptotic cells (activated caspase-3; Asp175), proliferation (Ki67), and p53 (M7001), a key protein involved in regulating cell death. The Bonar scale was used to evaluate tendon degeneration. RESULTS: The density of apoptotic tendon cells and the density of cells expressing p53 were significantly increased in both the partially torn supraspinatus tendons and in the matched subscapularis tendons, compared with uninjured reference tendons. The Bonar score revealed significant tendon degeneration in the partially torn supraspinatus tendons compared with both matched and reference subscapularis tendons. Tendon cell proliferation was significantly increased in the partially torn supraspinatus tendons compared with reference subscapularis tendons. CONCLUSIONS: Partial-thickness tears of the supraspinatus tendon demonstrated an increased density of apoptotic, p53+ tendon cells. The fact that apoptosis was accompanied by increased tendon cell proliferation suggests that apoptosis may be related to an ongoing injury-repair process. Increased tenocyte apoptosis may be a relatively early feature in rotator cuff tendinopathy and could represent a possible target for therapeutic intervention.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".