‘Spalling’ of SAC Pb free solders when used with nickel substrates
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The term “spalling” refers to the formation in a solder joint of a second layer of intermetallic compound, in addition to and separate from the usual single layer that normally forms on the substrate. It has been observed in Pb-free solders of the SAC type when used in conjunction with a nickel finish. Explanations offered to account for this phenomenon have been based on thermodynamic phase equilibria observed in isothermal sections of the Sn corner of the Cu–Ni–Sn system at temperatures 20°C or more above the solidification temperature of the solder, and without regard to reactions that occur at low temperatures, during freezing. Recent measurement of the liquidus projection of the Sn corner of the Cu–Ni–Sn system as shown the occurrence of a ternary quasiperitectic reaction in the composition range in which “spalling” is observed. Evaluation of the effect of this quasiperitectic reaction shows that its operation during freezing of the solder can account for the “spalling” phenomenon.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it