Bibliographic record
Abstract
Flow regimes and particle degradation in pneumatic transport depend on the operating conditions, granular material properties, and dynamic behavior of the system in a very complex way. In this work, an experimental study was carried out using a blow tank system, which was operated under several phase regimes with the help of a secondary air line. Flow maps were constructed to predict horizontal flow patterns under conditions that ranged from plug to dilute phase flow, using two test materials: sodium and potassium nitrate prills. They have identical particle size distributions, but very different strength properties, allowing a comparative study of the particle degradation (breakage and dusting) of soft and hard materials in a wide range of flow conditions, identified as plug-, slug-, dune-, and dilute-phase regimes. The results demonstrated clear advantages in dust reduction for dense-phase conveying compared to dilute phase; however, particle breakage rates were similar in both types of systems. Dusting and breakage were the dominant wear processes for the softer material (sodium nitrate), while breakage, to a lesser extent, prevailed for the case of the brittle material (potassium nitrate).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".