Experimental observations of the splitting of a gravity current at a density step in a stratified water body
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract When a gravity current reaches the level of neutral buoyancy in a stratified water body it can separate from the sloping boundary as an intrusion. If there is a density gradient within the gravity current, then multiple intrusions can form in the stratified water body. Using a series of laboratory experiments in a two‐layered ambient stratification, we document how a gravity current splits in two upon reaching the sharp density step. Our laboratory observations stress the significance of the densimetric Froude number of the gravity current ( Fr ), as well as a measure of the ambient stratification (density Richardson number, Ri ρ ), on determining how a gravity current intrudes into a two‐layered stratified ambient water. Gravity currents are more likely to detrain into two parts at a density step when they have a diffuse density interface ( Fr > 1). However, gravity currents tend to intrude as a single intrusion when they have a sharp, more step‐like density profile ( Fr < 1). Using details of the internal structure of the gravity current, we develop a theory to predict the partition of the buoyancy flux into the interflow and underflow when the gravity current splits at the density step. Our predictions of buoyancy portions are in agreement with our experimental observations. We discuss when the application of our equations will be relevant for river intrusions into reservoirs, and for gravity currents in the stratified ocean.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".