Association of Angiogenesis Related Markers With Bladder Cancer Outcomes and Other Molecular Markers
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: We tested whether the altered immunohistochemical expression of angiogenesis related markers is associated with outcomes of patients with urothelial carcinoma of the bladder, and assessed the correlation of angiogenesis related markers with molecular markers commonly altered in urothelial bladder carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Vascular endothelial growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor and thrombospondin 1 expression data were collected, as were microvessel density data. Immunohistochemical staining was performed on specimens from 204 patients treated with radical cystectomy for urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. We also stained serial sections of the specimens for cyclin E1, cyclin D1, p53, p21, p27, pRB, Ki-67, Bcl-2, caspase-3, survivin and cyclooxygenase-2. We measured time to disease recurrence and cancer specific mortality, as well as the association with clinical and pathological features and other molecular markers. RESULTS: The altered expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (over expression), basic fibroblast growth factor (over expression) and thrombospondin 1 (decreased expression) was 86%, 79% and 63%, respectively. Median microvessel density was 20. All 4 markers were associated with established clinicopathological features of aggressive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (such as stage, lymphovascular invasion and lymph node metastasis) and other molecular markers. On multivariable analyses that adjusted for standard pathological features basic fibroblast growth factor and thrombospondin 1 were independent predictors of disease recurrence (HR 3.6, p = 0.002 and HR 2.2, p = 0.001, respectively) and cancer specific mortality (HR 2.8, p = 0.02 and HR 2.3, p = 0.003, respectively). When all 4 markers were included in 1 model basic fibroblast growth factor and thrombospondin 1 retained their independent association with disease recurrence (HR 2.9, p = 0.014 and HR 1.8, p = 0.022, respectively) and only thrombospondin 1 was independently associated with cancer specific mortality (HR 1.9, p = 0.031). CONCLUSIONS: Angiogenesis related molecular markers are commonly altered in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder, making them a target for therapy. Down-regulation of thrombospondin 1 and up-regulation of basic fibroblast growth factor are independent predictors of clinical outcomes of patients with urothelial carcinoma of the bladder.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it